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Ponary massacre
The Ponary Massacre ((ポーランド語:zbrodnia w Ponarach)) was the mass murder of up to 100,000 people, mostly Jews, but also Russians, Poles,〔 Lithuanians and others, by German SD, SS and Lithuanian Nazi collaborators,〔〔〔〔 such as the Ypatingasis būrys units,〔 (Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941-1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej ) (Investigation of mass murders of Poles in the years 1941–1944 in Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and Lithuanian collaborating police). Institute of National Remembrance documents from 2003 on the ongoing investigation. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.〕〔 Czesław Michalski, (Ponary - Golgota Wileńszczyzny ) (Ponary — the Golgotha of Wilno). ''Konspekt'' nº 5, Winter 2000–01, a publication of the Academy of Pedagogy in Kraków. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.〕
during World War II and the Holocaust in Reichskommissariat Ostland. The executions took place between July 1941 and August 1944 near the railway station of Ponary, now known as Paneriai, a suburb of what is today Vilnius, Lithuania. Some 70,000 Jews were murdered in Ponary,〔Jews of Vilna and Lithuania in general had their own complex identity, and labels of Polish Jews, Lithuanian Jews or Russian Jews are all applicable only in part. See also: Ezra Mendelsohn, ''On Modern Jewish Politics'', Oxford University Press, 1993; ISBN 0-19-508319-9, (Google Print, p.8 ) and Mark Abley, ''Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages'', Houghton Mifflin Books, 2003; ISBN 0-618-23649-X, (Google Print, p. 205 )〕 along with estimated 20,000 or more Poles〔 〕 and 8,000 Russians, many from nearby Vilnius.〔〔Kazimierz Sakowicz, Yitzhak Arad, ''Ponary Diary, 1941–1943: A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder'', Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10853-2, (Google Print ).〕〔Tadeusz Piotrowski, ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997; ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, (p. 168 ).〕
According to Monika Tomkiewicz, author of a 2008 book on the Ponary massacre, 80,000 people were killed, including 72,000 Jews, 5,000 Soviet prisoners, between 15,000 and 20,000 Poles, 1,000 people described as Communists or Soviet activists, and 40 Romani people.〔Andrzej Kaczyński, (Zbrodnia ponarska w świetle dokumentów ), wyborcza.pl, 17 June 2009; accessed 8 December 2014.〕
==Background==
Following the occupation of the Republic of Central Lithuania by the Second Polish Republic, the town of Ponary became part of the Wilno Voivodship (Kresy region). After the Nazi Invasion of Poland in September 1939, the region was taken over by the Soviets and after about a month transferred to Lithuania. After the Soviet annexation of Lithuania in June 1940, the construction of an oil storage facility began near Ponary in conjunction with a military airfield. That project was never completed, and in 1941 the area was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Nazis decided to take advantage of the large pits dug for oil storage tanks to dispose of bodies of unwanted locals. Their policy was to kill every Jewish individual in Lithuania, and the Baltic countries became the first place Nazis would mass execute Jews.〔''One of the areas to first experience the totality of Hitler’s "final solution" for the Jews was the Baltic countries. In a sense the Holocaust, that is the destruction of European Jews, started in the Baltics. It was there that Hitler’s executioners began their first actions of mass genocide.'' - Katy Miller-Korpi, ''The Holocaust in the Baltics'', University of Washington, Department papers online, 1998.()〕 Out of 70,000 Jews living in Vilnius, only 7,000 survived the war.〔Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999'', Yale University Press; ISBN 0-300-10586-X (Google Books ), books.google.com, pp. 84-89.〕
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